Risk Management among Older People Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Risk Management among Older People - Essay Example The intention of this study is the concept of risk. McDonald argues that risk is quite a serious societal issue as demonstrated by more emphasis being placed in distribution of risks than in distribution of wealth. McDonald then explores several perspectives of the definition/concept of risk in the society as it relates to social work, beginning with the widely accepted legal view that risk is the likelihood of an event occurring and the existence of a duty of care that is owed to those who might be affected (in this case the elderly) by reasonably foreseeable consequences of another party’s actions. Another perspective of risk is the actuarial notion, where it is the probability of occurrence of certain events based on statistical analyses of whole populations or subgroups, where in this case we have the older people sub-group. McDonald also discusses the social constructivist aspect of risk, where certain risks have been granted cultural acceptance based on different societa l dynamics. An example concerning older people is where certain risk-taking behaviours are out of question in a manner different to young people who may not be limited by such events. For instance, although the risk of injury from engaging in sport is present for all sub-groups, older people are more constrained from it differently from young people. Across all these concepts of risk, it is discernible that the shared characteristic is in the probability of an event occurring, and for the purposes of social work, an opportunity to pre-empt the event from occurring which forms a vital dimension of social work. The functional definition is that risk involves calculation of probability of and description of the likelihood of a future event given certain conditions, while at the same time recognising duty of care. Risk assessment is an issue related to the probabilistic aspect of the social workers knowledge base; hence it involves balancing out the outcomes for the service user in ques tion (Hawkes 2003, p. 6). The role of the social worker here is to assess the probability of significant harm occurring, or assess that which has already occurred in a bid to prevent further/future harm from occurring. Assessment of risk occupies a pivotal position in social work since it occurs at the initial point of contact between the service user and the social worker, and hence the effectiveness of intervention mechanisms depends to a large extent on the outcomes of the risk assessment. Social Worker Duty, Reasons for Risk Assessment and Obsession with Risk Assessment The reasons behind the obsession of social work with risk assessment can be traced from the trends in the wider society. McLauglin (2008, pp. 3-6) first establishes that there is an ongoing preoccupation with risk in the society and its minimisation, with the primary concern of the contemporary society shifting from being after something good to instead preventing the worst (tendency towards self-limitation as op posed to pursuing self realisation). This shift is being driven by a shift from natural hazards to man-made ones especially in the developed world, where for example an older person

America Needs Its Nerds Essay Example for Free

America Needs Its Nerds Essay The socially and physically inept, the outcasts, often associated with computers and books- these characteristics constitute the stereotype of the average geek. Students are afraid to reveal their identities in an environment among their peers because of the fear of being an outcast among the idolized jocks. In an excerpt from America Needs Its Nerds Harvard student and writer Leonid Fridman expresses his disgust for the unjust treatment of individuals who are essential to our country- the geeks. He addresses the American public with a call to action to put geeks into their deserved positions, giving them hope and motivation to express their own identities. Fridman utilizes irony when discussing how even Harvard students are being picked on, as well as the compare and contrast between Americas discouraging treatment of the nerd to East Asia and Chinas praising of them, to represent how the fear of social rejection has forced these mistreated intellects to hide their academic capabilities. Leonid Fridmen is disappointment with the fact that even at Harvard, one of the top Ivy League colleges, students are still picked on because of their levels of intellect. It is ironic that even at one of the top colleges in America where nerds and geeks dominate the realm of the school that anti-intellectualism is rampant. Social standing competes with intelligence even at the most academic institution, showing America that students are ashamed of their intellect because of the negative stereotypes society degraded them with. Fridman also employs irony when referring to get[ting] wasted at parties by describing how nerds avoid damaging their brain and bodies, but are punished socially for not  physically hurting themselves. Fridmans call to action addresses the American public as being erroneous in their actions of idolizing the nonintellectual while demeaning the studious intellectuals when he compares Americas academic values to those of East Asias. In America, athletes and celebrities are rewarded and more prevalent in society then those interested in pursuing academics. With these characteristics of our society, it is impossible to compete in the technology rate or be a leading political and cultural force with other countries who encourage academics rather than reject the individuals who excel in it. Fridmans belief of demeaning the intellectual is a continual paradigm in our society today. In 2003, Arnold Schwarzenegger was elected to be the Governor of California; however, it was primarily for his name recognition as a body builder and film star, lacking any experience working in government. Although Schwarzenegger lacked the intellectual knowledge he needed, he was elected because the public idolized him. The public is more interested in the media and athletics and neglect to realize the important impact researchers and intellects have on our world. Colleges pay college athletic coaches more than the professors working at an institution. Americans pay more on professional sports then they do to fund cancer research or education. As USA Today wrote, You can get a Nobel Prize at your university and you wont get anywhere near that attention. And so I think between the public and the media, they are telling us what they value. The public is involved, and often times addicted, to athletes or social media and reject the academically motivated as outcasts from the ideal society. Unfortunately, this public is unaware of the capabilities of academic achievement and the progress it has brought us in our world.

My Philosophy of Teaching Essays -- Philosophy of Education

Philosophy of Education Throughout the history of education, there have been many different philosophical views. The views have varied from Plato's "The Republic," to Rousseau's "Emile". Plato believed that the purpose of education was to create a perfect city-state, while Rousseau believed that the purpose was to develop people, who freely choose good. Both of these philosophies cooperate with my beliefs; however, my beliefs do differ in some aspects. Through my philosophies covering the nature of humans, curriculum, and teaching methods I hope to better educate the students and America a better place to live. First, I believe that humans are naturally good. The environment that a child grows up in affects the way that they act. Children are easily manipulated and I believe that the people in their early years are the ones that influence them the most. I believe the most important influences in a child's life are his parent and his teacher. In my own experience, I remember my kindergarten teacher spanking me when I was younger for no apparent reason. I could not figure out why she was doing this to me and it hurt my self-esteem, which made me not even want togo to school. However, my parents helped me Iovercome these problems. My parents influenced me to work harder and be myself no matter what. I would have to say that my parents were the biggest ~nfluence of my life; the things they taught me will stick with me the rest of my life. Secondly, I believe that everybody is born in certain classes. Like Plato, I believe there are classes with into which you are born. I believe that there are born leaders and then the children who do not have the same opportunities. I think you have to separate the two as soon as po... ...uate assistant on the Baseball field, while getting my masters in sports management. After that, I plan to coach college or high school baseball and teach physical education, hopefully for my alma mater Southeast High School. My goal is to become an athletic director, teacher, and coach at the same time because we all know that is where the money is. If a graduate assistant job does not open up, I plan to coach high school baseball and take night classes at Kent State for my masters. Furthermore, all aspects of teaching are important. As teachers, we hold the future of America in our hands with educating the youth. All aspects of teaching are important in shaping the youth of America. With the philosophies of some of the worlds greatest thinkers ever and with some philosophies of our own, I hope we can bring theeducation of America's youth to a higher level.~

Benito Mussolinis Rise and Fall to Power :: World War II History

Benito Mussolini's Rise and Fall to Power Benito Mussolini had a large impact on World War II. He wasn't always a powerful dictator though. At first he was a school teacher and a socialist journalist. He later married Rachele Guide and had 5 children. He was the editor of the Avanti, which was a socialist party newspaper in Milan. Benito Mussolini founded the Fasci di Combattimento on March of 1919. "This was a nationalistic, anti liberal, and anti socialist movement. This movement attracted mainly the lower middle class."1 Fascism was spreading across Europe. Mussolini was winning sympathy from King Victor Emmanuel III. Mussolini then threatened to march on Rome. This persuaded King Victor Emmanuel III to invite Mussolini to join a coalition, which strongly helped him gain more power. Benito Mussolini brought Austria on Germany's side by a formal alliance. "In 1937, he accepted a German alliance. The name of this alliance was the Anti Comntern Pact. On April 13, 1937 Benito Mussolini annexed Albania. He then told the British ambassador that not even the bribe of France and North Africa would keep him neutral."2 The British ambassador was appalled and dismayed. On May 28, 1937, Mussolini strongly gave thought to declaring war. He then attacked the Riviera across the Maritime. "On September 13, 1937 he opened an offensive into British-garrisoned Egypt from Libya."3 On October 4, 1937, while the offensive still seemed to promise success, Benito Mussolini met Adolf Hitler at the Brenner Pass, on their joint frontier. "The two of them discussed how the war in the Mediterranean, Britain's principal foothold outside its island base, might be turned to her decisive disadvantage. Hitler suggested to Mussolini that Spain might be coaxed on the axis side, thus giving Germany free use of the British Rock of Gibraltar, by offering Franco part of French North Africa, and that France might be persuaded to accept that concession by compensation with parts of British West Africa".4 Mussolini seemed enthusiastic and very understandable why this was the case, since this scheme included the gaining of Tunis, Corsica, and Nice (annexed by Napoleon III in 1860) from France. Hitler then hurried home to his house in Berlin to arrange visits to Franco and Petan. "Back in the capital Hitler created a letter to Stalin inviting Molotov, the Soviet Foreign Minister, to visit early, when Germany and the U.S.S.R. might then agree among themselves how to profit from Britain not having a defense.

Bilingual Education Essay

Now, it seems to be universally accepted that increased education is a good thing. Thousands of colleges and millions of students spend vast amounts of time and money chasing pieces of paper. But what is the value of these qualifications? This essay will discuss whether education has been devalued. Supporters of education (usually teachers or educators, or those who have an interest in stopping people thinking for themselves) say that increased levels of education will open doors for students. Certificates, diplomas, and degrees are held up as a status symbol, a passport to a private club of money and power. However, the truly powerful are not those who have taken degrees, but people who have stood back and looked at what is really important in life. They have seen opportunity and followed dreams. These people are found in every part of society. Like many brilliant people, Einstein was a weak student at math. Like many successful businessmen, Bill Gates never completed college. Like many inventive and creative people, Edison never went to school. The greatest religious teachers do not have letters after their name, but have looked into their hearts for meaning. Similarly, the world’s political leaders do not have master’s degrees or doctorates. These are the people who shaped our century, and they are too busy with real life to spend time in the paper chase. Students in college are being sold an illusion. They are made to believe that self-understanding and society approval will come with the acquisition of a piece of paper. Instead of thinking for themselves, and finding their own personality and strengths, they are fitted like square pegs into round holes. The role of education is to prepare masses of people to operate at low levels of ability in a very limited and restricted range of activities. Some of these activities are more challenging than perhaps the assembly lines of the past, but still the ultimate purpose is equally uninteresting. More worryingly, despite the increased level of education, people are still not genuinely expected to think for themselves. In fact, the longer years of schooling make the job of brainwashing even easier. There is still a role for study, research, and education. However, we need to examine our emphasis on education for the sake of a piece of paper, and to learn the real meaning and revolutionary challenge of knowledge. mean by education from the outset. That might make it easier for you to sharpen your arguments against it. You need to better deal with the opposing arguments. It is true of course that some people become millionaires by dropping out of school to become entrepreneurs. But, if one looks at the average income of dropouts compared to the average income of people who graduate high school, and then compare those rates to the average income of people who graduate from university, we see quite clearly that better education leads, on average, to greater career success (you could even do research and cite sources, using empirical evidence to back up your points! ) Also, education, especially liberal arts (or even liberal science) tends to improve people, giving them a capacity for critical thought that makes them more interesting and worth listening to. You even seem to acknowledge, in your conclusion, that people who do well without formal education may yet be considered self-educated. So, perhaps you should define what you mean by education from the outset. That might make it easier for you to sharpen your arguments against it. I am not sure that I am following your argument here. Education is devalued because it is akin to brainwashing and drains people of the ability to think for themselves. Truly powerful people have never been to college. The role of education is to transform people into automatons performing a limited range of activities. As an argumentative essay, you’ll need to back up those opinions. Your examples can help, but Einstein did attend university and had a doctorate degree from the school of mathematics and natural sciences at Zurich University. I don’t think you can make the claim that Einstein had difficulty with math he was studying calculus at the age of twelve but he did have trouble with speech. Edison did not attend university, but at that time a mere 1% of the population attended college so the example loses impact. Bill Gates attended Harvard. He didn’t graduate, but he still considers his Harvard experience valuable (it is where he learned that there are people smarter than he is and met business partner Steve Ballmer). Besides, Harvard gave Gates an Honorary Degree in 2007. Gates also blows the theory that brilliant people struggle with math he scored near perfect on the SAT. Steve Jobs quite college after a semester (I know that you didn’t use him as an example, but I thought it was interesting Michael Dell is another computer guru who never finished college). Who are the world’s religious teachers and political leaders that you are referring to?. Here’s an article that I found interesting: http://www. msnbc. msn. com/id/29445201/ It talks about different things than your essay, but I can see where everyone getting a college degree would devalue those degrees . . . forty is the new thirty and a college degree is the new high diploma, blah, blah, blah. With 68% of high school graduates in the US enrolling in collage (2008), do we have a future with an over-educated, under-employed workforce? I could also see the argument that not everyone is suited for college life and we, as a society, need auto mechanics, plumbers, and grocery store clerks.

European Beleif Towards Native Americans essays

European Beleif Towards Native Americans essays The belief of many Europeans towards the Native Americans was incorrect because the Native Americans were smart people. They were good hunters and had kills of many kinds of animals. They were good/excellent builders of there time and were organized. Some tribes like the Olmecs made accurate calendars. And were very good at mathematics. The Native Americans had highly developed agricultural system, had unique hieroglyphic writing, irrigations stone drain systems. Rubber ball games and made fine pottery and carved jade jewelry (mostly Olmecs). The Native American Cultures had high spiritual meaning to plants and animals. Some cultures were master architects and engineers and built/controlled a huge empire. They built complex cliff dwellings and some cultures could survive a drought. They were excellent traders and some of there trading items were wood, pottery, clothes, baskets, and turquoise. Many cultures built mounds to buried there leaders with all their wealth, and many some cultures built towns on river flood plains for excellent farming and trade. They spoke many different languages and had many different societies. Celebrated there spiritual connections through stories, dances, art, prayers, and songs. They were aggress ive fearless warriors (mostly Aztecs). Cultures started to get more developed at about 2000 B.C.E period; they started raising crops including the three sisters, and started building canals and dams for irrigation. And the people of the north, Eskimos, survived the cold weather with no farming, and no sun for weeks. They had to survived on wild life; polar bear, caribou, sea mammals. And almost all the Native American Cultures based there technology on wood. The Indians had many festivals and the Algonquin culture lived in wigwams and the Iroquois lived in the long house. The league of Iroquois was based on the great law of peace, democratic government, and women and childrens rights were included in the...

Mairine Organism DNA essays

Mairine Organism DNA essays The Ocean Genome Legacy (OGL) is a not-for-profit organization set up in 2001 by New England Biolabs. The goals of OGL are to assemble a team of scientists dedicated to: The long-term preservation of marine organism DNA The development of tissue culture techniques for marine invertebrate cells The construction of genome libraries and their distribution for research purposes Studies of evolutionary genomics, with an initial focus on marine transition organisms Much of the worlds biodiversity is in the oceans and provides an important resource for mankind. Equally much of this diversity is endangered and OGL aims to help in the global effort to preserve and study the organisms of the ocean. Initially, OGL will focus on endangered marine organisms especially those that represent important evolutionary transitions. Oversight for OGL is provided by a Board of Trustees including Dr. John Benzie, Dr. Sydney Brenner, Dr. Donald Comb, Mr. Douglas Foy, Dr. Richard Roberts and Dr. Wolfgang Sterrer. Isolated from a recombinant source Description: Taq DNA Polymerase is a thermostable DNA polymerase that possesses a non-processive 5 -> 3 polymerase activity and a double-strand specific 5 -> 3 exonuclease activity. Source: An E. coli strain that carries the Taq DNA Polymerase gene from Thermus aquaticus YTI. Reaction Buffer: 1X ThermoPol Reaction Buffer 10 mM KCl, 10 mM (NH4)2S04, 20 mM Tris-HCl, 2 mM MgS04, 0.1% Triton X-100, pH 8.8 @ 25C. Quality Assurance: Purified free of contaminating endonucleases and exonucleases. Unit Definition: One unit is defined as the amount of enzyme that will incorporate 10 nmol of dNTP into acid-insoluble material in 30 minutes at 75C. Unit Assay Conditions: 1X ThermoPol Reaction Buffer, 200 Â µM each dNTP including [3H]-dTTP and 200 Â µg/ml ...

The Definition of Popular Culture in Sociology

The Definition of Popular Culture in Sociology Popular culture is the accumulation of cultural products such as music, art, literature, fashion, dance, film, cyberculture, television and radio that are consumed  by the majority of a societys population. Popular culture has  mass accessibility and appeal. The term popular culture was coined in the 19th century or earlier. Traditionally, it was associated with lower classes and poor education as opposed to the official culture of the upper class. The Rise of Popular Culture After the end of World War II, innovations in mass media led to significant cultural and social changes. Scholars trace the origins of the  rise of popular culture to the creation of the middle class generated by the Industrial Revolution. The meaning of popular culture then began to merge with that of mass culture, consumer culture, image culture,  media culture and culture for mass consumption. John Storey and Popular Culture There are two opposing sociological arguments in relation to popular culture. One argument is that popular culture is used by the elites (who tend to control the mass media and popular culture outlets) to control those below them because it dulls people’s minds, making them passive and easy to control. A second argument is just the opposite, that popular culture is a vehicle for rebellion against the culture of dominant groups. In his book, Cultural Theory and Popular Culture, John Storey offers six different definitions of popular culture. In one definition, Storey describes mass or popular culture as a hopelessly commercial culture [that is] mass-produced for mass consumption [by] a mass of non-discriminating consumers.†Ã‚  He further states that popular culture is â€Å"formulaic [and] manipulative,† not unlike how he views the process of advertising.  A product or brand has to be â€Å"sold† to an audience before it can be entrenched in mass or popular culture; by bombarding society with it, it then finds its place in popular culture. Britney Spears is a good example of this definition; her road to stardom and place in popular culture were based on marketing strategies to build look along with her fan base. As a result, she generated millions of fans, her songs were played frequently on numerous radio stations, and she went on to sell out concerts and garner the publics fascination with her meltdown. Like the creation of Britney Spears, pop culture almost always depends on mass production for mass consumption because we rely on mass media to get our information and shape our interests. Pop Culture vs. High Culture Pop culture is the culture of the people and it is accessible to the masses. High culture, on the other hand, isnt meant for mass consumption nor is it readily available to everyone. It belongs to the social elite. The fine arts, theater, opera, intellectual pursuits -   these are associated with the upper socioeconomic strata and require more a high brow approach, training or reflection to be appreciated. Elements from this realm rarely cross over into pop culture. As such, high culture is considered sophisticated while popular culture is often looked down upon as being superficial.

Some Aspect of Romanticism in Blake's The Marriage of Heaven and Hell Essay

Some Aspect of Romanticism in Blake's The Marriage of Heaven and Hell - Essay Example is writing but also involved himself in the time consuming process of engraving, coloring and the printing of the books which were extraordinarily beautiful. As a result he was prevented from gaining a higher reputation and income level for the wonderful work he merited. In contrast to Blake, Dante was a Florentine poet belonging to the Middle Ages. He is revered as the â€Å"Father of the Italian language† because he composed in Italian. One of the most important influences of writing the poem â€Å"The Marriage of Heaven and Hell,† was his close association with the New Church of Emanuel Swedenborg. The increasing rigidity witnessed by Blake from Swedenborg and his followers, easily made them primary targets for this well written parody and satire. Due to his publicizing his political philosophy, it helped him to associate within the circle of some of the most important leading radicals of his time, such as, Spain Thomas Paine and Joseph Priestley. In sharp contrast is Dante’s ‘Inferno’ was written in the Jubilee year 1300 and was one of the most intricate and artistic poems ever to be written. He wrote this poem ‘somewhere between the death of Clement V and the end of Dante’s1 life when he was just 35 years old.’ (Dante and his Time, p. 270) An introductory canto begins the book which is then followed by 99 other cantos speaking of Christ’s life on Earth. The whole poem is segregated into three parts each comprising of 33 cantos each of high lyrical value and beauty. Blake’s satirical attack was on the orthodoxy of the Swedenborgians in addition to a description of the poet – prophet’s own developmental and educational process. The poem which was written during a great political upheaval in America has a historical backdrop that portrayed a revolutionary prophecy. Blake introduces the poem with â€Å"The Argument† backing it with his prophetic character Rintrah and brings it to a close with another poem titled â€Å"A Song of Liberty,† where

Five Forces of Competition Model Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Five Forces of Competition Model - Case Study Example The second force considers the threat created by new market entrants. The railroad business requires huge capital in starting a business operation. Moreover, potential new players lack access to land that is essential for the development of rail networks. The advancement of other transportation systems also hinder the widespread investment in this industry. For current players, the market remains stable as the rate of receiving new entrants is low. The bargaining powers of buyers stands as the third force (Hill & Jones, 46). In the railroad industry, buyers possess little bargaining power. The charges incurred in transportation are a dictate of legal laws regulating prices. Therefore, buyers lack power in price control. Moreover, the importance of goods transported through rail such as agricultural products limits the bargaining power of the buyers. The fourth force suggested by Porter considers the power of suppliers. In the case of railroad transport, suppliers hold a significant power. Union Pacific Corporation notes that the companies in the trade over-rely on specific suppliers for locomotive parts. Consequently, the withdrawal of one of the suppliers serves as a major challenge for these players. Suppliers in this industry control major processes of operation. The fifth force evaluates the threat of substitutes. The transportation industry offers substitutes in the shipping and air freight industries. Shipping costs sign ificantly cheaper while air transport remains faster. However, railroads remain significant due to their large operations on the land. Their major substitutes primarily operate in the air and water. Based on this analysis, the railroad industry stands out as unattractive. Challenges of competition create substantial problems. Moreover, the high cost of operation and the power of suppliers makes the industry unstable and unsustainable by new

The war between Samsung and Apple Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The war between Samsung and Apple - Essay Example instance, California there was a ruling by the jury stipulating that Samsung is to compensate Apple damages amounting to 1.05 billion for infringement, whereby dismissing allegations made by Samsung (Helena,1). There are intentions by Samsung to seek an appeal for the ruling, though it would result to reduced choices, less innovation and increase in prices. In terms of the company’s marketing strategies, they select a range of products through which a marketing strategy can be implemented focusing on supply and demand and an aim of raising the attractiveness of the products, which results to increased sales turn over (Botha, Strydom and Brink, 29). Apple has made the necessary effort of adapting the strategy of releasing its products such as iPhone 5, which has been an effective strategy of marketing. Customers of Apple products are always waiting to acquire the latest products from Apple Company. Moreover, they have a strategy of regulating volumes of iPhone 5 that are suppli ed to the market, in order to ensure that it is below the demand. On the other hand, Apple needs a reform of their marketing strategy, by ensuring that they are entering the market using attractive features on their products, which are no present in their competitors. Marketing theory of 4ps is necessary in comparing products from Samsung and Apple; whereby there are some advantages of Apple’s iPhone 5 over Samsung Galaxy S3, which entail the size of the screen, resolution, life of the battery. However, Samsung has exploited the hype of iPhone 5 launching, by using the chance to inform their customers about the features of Galaxy S3 using the media and the channels offered by the social media. Samsung had ensured that are stores in main cities at the time when iPhone 5 is being launched,... In terms of the company’s marketing strategies, they select a range of products through which a marketing strategy can be implemented focusing on supply and demand and an aim of raising the attractiveness of the products, which results in increased sales turnover (Botha, Strydom and Brink, 29). Apple has made the necessary effort of adopting the strategy of releasing its products such as iPhone 5, which has been an effective strategy for marketing. Customers of Apple products are always waiting to acquire the latest products from Apple Company. Moreover, they have a strategy of regulating volumes of iPhone 5 that are supplied to the market, in order to ensure that it is below the demand. On the other hand, Apple needs a reform of their marketing strategy, by ensuring that they are entering the market using attractive features on their products, which are no present in their competitors.Marketing theory of 4ps is necessary for comparing products from Samsung and Apple; whereby there are some advantages of Apple’s iPhone 5 over Samsung Galaxy S3, which entail the size of the screen, resolution, life of the battery. However, Samsung has exploited the hype of iPhone 5 launching, by using the chance to inform their customers about the features of Galaxy S3 using the media and the channels offered by the social media. Samsung had ensured that are stored in main cities at the time when iPhone 5 is being launched, whereby they used a clear message for their customers.

Teenage Pregnancy Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Teenage Pregnancy - Annotated Bibliography Example One of the first main points that should be covered in this paper is to highlight what exactly would be the outcomes of somebody were to not get an abortion. Kate Kerzinke outlined an effective paper on this topic in 2003 in the New York Times. The author identifies that there is a cycle associated with teenage pregnancy which is that a teenage girl gets pregnant, leavers their formal education, becomes dependant on welfare and in turn raises a child that herself becomes a teenage mother and then repeats the cycle. Whilst this paper does not necessarily come directly from an academic journal it was published in the New York Times which is a fairly reputable publication. Moreover there may be a concern that the information is not the most current however for the purpose of this paper, the source will be used to discuss socioeconomic problems and not demographic trends so the information would remain up to date. The next source that will be examined I a paper that highlights where demographic trends are heading in regards to teenage abortion. Bielski, 2010 was an excellent source for this information. His work which appeared in the Globe and Mail identified that the abortion rate droped by approximately 36.9% in Canada. Although it is the case that the focus of this research was in the Canadian Market, one could make the argument that Canada and The United States are nations that are not totally unlike each other. Moreover the article appeared in a newspaper and not an academic journal but much like the New York Times, the Globe and Mail is a respected article and as such is heavily scrutinized by the Canadian public.

Boyers Principle of Community Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Boyers Principle of Community - Essay Example From the knowledge gained at Indiana University more than 40 residence hall rooms certified as ‘green’ through new program. The program develop by the IU office of Sustainability in cooperation with Residential Programs and Services and Residence Halls Inc. and the objective is to connect the students to a maintainable and good community and different campus organizations as well as the participation of faculty on related projects. Additionally, the program at IU provides the students a structure framework to help in educating their school mates and connect with one another (IU News Room, n.p.). A college is an open community, where freedom of speech or expression is protected and civility powerfully affirmed. As part of the university’s Code of Academic Ethics, every individual has the right to criticize and seek remedy by good means, policies, and rules and regulations of the university. The improper acts are those acts that affect the academic freedom, freedom of speech and expression because the students should speak and listen to one another and the freedom of movement. Thus, Indiana University exercised the second principle of Boyer’s Principle of Community (Enrolment and Student Academic Information Bulletin, p. 3). The next principle is a just community; a place where the sacredness of the person is honored and where diversity is aggressively pursued. The Indiana University celebrates the legacy of Martin Luther King Jr. and also helps in the activities in the community. All IU’s events are free and open to the public; in respect, the King’s day is consider holiday and no classes in the university rather the students spend time from different community services such as providing eye exams, and eye glasses with the participation of the IU School of Optometry and many others (IU News Room, n.p.). The fourth Boyer’s Principle of Community is a disciplined community in which the university is a place where ind ividuals accept their responsibilities and obligations to the group and well-defined governance procedures guide behavior for the common good. According to the Enrolment and Student Academic Information Bulletin of Indiana University there is Code of Academic Ethics that each and everyone in the community should obey. The ethics include the rights and responsibilities of the students as well as the faculty and other members of the university. The IU put into effect the Code of Ethics to become a disciplined community and exercise all the rules and regulations stated in the Code of Academic Ethics (Enrolment and Student Academic Information Bulletin, p. 1-5). In addition, the other principle from Ernest Boyer is the principle of caring community; a place where the well-being of each member is sensitively supported and services to others is encouraged. For instance, extended hours for the student commuters, organizations and campus jobs are promoted and supported by the IU (Peska, n.p .). Student employment is encouraged like part time jobs on the campus can help develop and improve the student’s resume in the future. There are number of jobs offered in the university and in Bloomington that will

Teenage Pregnancy Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Teenage Pregnancy - Annotated Bibliography Example One of the first main points that should be covered in this paper is to highlight what exactly would be the outcomes of somebody were to not get an abortion. Kate Kerzinke outlined an effective paper on this topic in 2003 in the New York Times. The author identifies that there is a cycle associated with teenage pregnancy which is that a teenage girl gets pregnant, leavers their formal education, becomes dependant on welfare and in turn raises a child that herself becomes a teenage mother and then repeats the cycle. Whilst this paper does not necessarily come directly from an academic journal it was published in the New York Times which is a fairly reputable publication. Moreover there may be a concern that the information is not the most current however for the purpose of this paper, the source will be used to discuss socioeconomic problems and not demographic trends so the information would remain up to date. The next source that will be examined I a paper that highlights where demographic trends are heading in regards to teenage abortion. Bielski, 2010 was an excellent source for this information. His work which appeared in the Globe and Mail identified that the abortion rate droped by approximately 36.9% in Canada. Although it is the case that the focus of this research was in the Canadian Market, one could make the argument that Canada and The United States are nations that are not totally unlike each other. Moreover the article appeared in a newspaper and not an academic journal but much like the New York Times, the Globe and Mail is a respected article and as such is heavily scrutinized by the Canadian public.

The Site About Animism Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Site About Animism - Assignment Example The material on this site is biased because it tends to describe more the characteristics of animism and its perspective instead of comparing it with other world major religions to understand its uniqueness and the traits it shares with other religions. The purpose of this website is to inform the reader of what animism is i.e. breath and soul, its early and present perspectives. This site is an acceptable source of information for animism because of the following reasons. First, it defines what animism is. The reader is able to understand the beliefs and tenets of its followers and also why it’s different from other religions of the world. The site has succinctly explained the two perspectives: early and contemporary perspectives. This provides us with enough information that enables us to come up with our own understanding of what animism is by marrying concepts from early perspectives with the contemporary perspective. The characteristics of this religion are well described to distinguish animism from other religions. One major characteristic is that all animate objects have life and do not distinguish soul as separate that, can either enter or leave our bodies. Despite the fact that the site provides more information about animism, it fails to compare and contrast this religion with other religions of the world to understand the practices that it might be sharing with other religion and also how unique it is. It is only through comparison that the reader can understand why it qualifies to be a distinct religion.

The Coffee Crisis Essay Example for Free

The Coffee Crisis Essay To begin, The Coffee Crisis is about an acute coffee crisis and how it threatens millions of small coffee farmers around the world and is putting economic growth, as well as social and political stability, at risk in scores of coffee producing countries in Central and South America, Africa and Asia. In 2004, the governments of coffee producing countries were considering how to respond to the dramatic decline in coffee prices caused in part by a large increase in coffee production in Brazil and Vietnam. Coffee was the main source of income for roughly 25 million farmers, mostly small land holders, in Latin America, Africa, and Asia. Coffee prices had hit 40 year lows in 2001 and had remained low since, resulting in real hardship for many farmers. A variety of alternative solutions had been suggested. (Gomez-Ibanez Quinlan, 2004) The International Coffee Organization was advocating increasing demand through programs promoting coffee consumption; the Inter-American Development Bank supported promotion but also thought some high-cost countries should get out of coffee, while the non-governmental organization Oxfam was pushing fair trade pricing. The coffee crisis is worldwide. It is affecting farmers in Central America, South America, Africa, and Asia. While the Arabica farmers in Costa Rica may be getting 40 cents per pound for their coffee cherries, the Robusta coffee farmers in Viet Nam are only receiving 15 cents a pound for theirs. Even the low cost producers are not benefiting from the current situation. This condition is created because the market place does not view coffee as a true commodity. It places premiums and discounts on both coffee types and coffee grades. While both markets may move up and down in tandem, the arbitrage, or spread between one Arabica and Robusta, does not give one farmer an economic competitive advantage over another. This fact tends to get glossed over in most economic discussions on the coffee crisis. Many analysts believe that oversupply is at the root of the present crisis. After the system of coffee export quotas (the International Coffee Agreement, or ICA), administered by the International Coffee Organization, collapsed in 1989, the regulation of coffee production and quality was left to each individual producer country. Almost immediately following the dissolution of the agreement, excessive quantities of coffee entered international markets, prices became quite volatile and the overall quality of the coffee began to decline. Many of the coffee producing nations, including Mexico, were simultaneously in the process of deregulating, privatizing, and otherwise liberalizing agricultural production and national agricultural institutions. This had the effect of exacerbating the uncertainties faced by coffee farmers at the end of the 1980s. The coffee crisis is structural. It was not caused by the cyclical nature of coffee agriculture that has produced the â€Å"boom-bust† cycles of the past. The change in the market place has been brought about by the concentration of buying power in the hands of a few firms that present coffee to the consumer as a â€Å"blended and branded† product, void of any links to type and grade. This has led to intense price competition for market share that has rewarded increased market share to low cost products in the short run at the expense of stability in the supply chain in the long run. Since the crisis is a structural problem and not a cyclical one, remedies are to be found by taking intervening actions. These actions would include a strengthening of coffee institutions, a realignment of market forces, a creation of suitable financial tools, and a promotion of sustainable agricultural practices. It must be emphasized that any direct market intervention, such as quotas or subsidies, would only be short term in effect and would not correct the structural problems. It must also be emphasized that what is required is a series of steps in a number of different areas, as no single step will produce the desired structural changes that are needed. The crisis in the coffee sector continues. Its impact cannot be understated, since coffee constitutes the livelihood of an estimated 25 million families around the world. In world trade, coffee is the second leading commodity, after petroleum. The worldwide coffee market spans some 71 countries, of which 51 are significant producers and 20 are key consumers. Prices have not kept up with production costs to the extent needed to make participation in the coffee business profitable for most producers, even though the crop year 2003-2004 witnessed a worldwide decrease in production. (Central America The Coffee Crisis: Effects and Strategies for Moving Forward, 1992) In coffee producing countries, which account for over 26% of world consumption, the situation is more diverse. In some countries, prices of coffee have fallen in local currency and consumption may therefore be stimulated. In Brazil, the largest coffee market among producing countries, the devaluation of the real has maintained prices of green coffee at pre-crisis levels. As a whole, consumption in these markets is not expected to suffer any major negative impact. The root cause of the coffee crisis can be linked to three factors: over production; under consumption; and market oligopoly. In short, these are all problems associated with the economics of coffee farming. Without resolution, they will lead to both social and environmental breakdowns. (Central America The Coffee Crisis: Effects and Strategies for Moving Forward, 1992). The crisis has been caused by a large increase in coffee production over the past several years by two countries Vietnam and Brazil. In the case of Vietnam, within ten years this country grew from a relatively insignificant producer to the world second largest – ahead of Colombia but behind Brazil, now producing well over 10 million bags annually and accounting for approximately 12% of world exports. (Central America The Coffee Crisis: Effects and Strategies for Moving Forward, 1992) To conclude, without economic remedies to the crisis, it is difficult to promote sustainable agricultural practices in coffee farming. While niche markets within the specialty coffee industry can provide some relief, the size of these markets makes them too small to be an effective solution. References: Central America The Coffee Crisis: Effects and Strategies for Moving Forward. (1992, July 19). Retrieved February 4, 2012, from Latin American and Carribean: http://web. worldbank. org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/LACEXT/0,,contentMDK:20606092~pagePK:146736~piPK:146830~theSitePK:258554,00. html Gomez-Ibanez, J. , Quinlan, S. J. (2004). The Coffee Crisis.

Costs and Benefits of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)

Costs and Benefits of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) FDI 1) General Information About FDI Foreign direct investment (FDI) can be defined by saying: If an investor takes place in far from their home country with purchasing a firm in the landlord country’s border. According to â€Å"The Organization of Economic Corporation and Development (OECD)†, If a foreign investor has more the ten percent of the local company, this means that the foreign investor has control on the local company. One different description suggests that, basically, a company from one country’s doing a substantial investment into structure a plant in a different nation. Foreign Direct Investment plays an important part in global entrepreneurs and businesses. The FDI can easily provide a firm with new business environments and markets, cheaper production facilities, usage chances of newest technologies, cheaper financing and skills. FDI mobility slacked up in 2011 after a short time interval of improvement in 2010. FDI leakage around the world raised in 2011 with around 11% to USD1558 billion contraversely to 24% increase in 2010 and stayed splendid under the most high degree in 2007 ($2190B). There is an significant difference between FDI and foreign portfolio investment (FPI). Foreign portfolio investment means investing of individuals, companies, or policy makers of a nation in foreign fiscal tools (for example government bonds, foreign stocks). making an important wealth piece in a foreign entrepreneurship is not involved. Evaluating the FPI level is more different that evaluating the FDI level and these two of them focus very distinctive topics. There are two strategic kinds of FDI: 1) Horizontal foreign direct investment : If FDI is made in way which in same sector as a company have activity in at home. To give an example for Horizontal Foreign Direct Investment, we can say that If Ariston makes investment on Caribbean and Scandinavian nation it can be countted as horizontal foreing direct investment. Authorities suggest that studying on horizontal foreign direct investment may be very helpful to understand the vertical foreign investment. 2) Vertical foreign direct investment: If a company or multi national establishment (MNE) supplies production resources for a company’s local transactions, or this kind of foreign direct investment can take place with selling the final product of a local company in their company’s country. After briefly defining the foreign direct investment, now on next part, we will be studying on benefits and costs of the foreign direct investment for a country. 2) FDI: Benefits for Economy of Host Country In order to get more positives from FDI freely, improving countries have started to dilate and make more suitable laws and FDI policies and attempted to reach most suitable arrangement to get interest the FDI makers. Professors of economy who supports the liberal market perspective suggest that the gain of FDI to a landlord country so preponderate the costs that practical nationalism is an ideologywhich has been unable to imply. Four determined benefits will be studied on this part for the landlord country: effects on resource – transfer , the effect on employment, effect on balance of payments, and the aspect of competition. 2.1) Effects on Resource Transfer Foreign direct investment can add great amount of value to a landlord economy with providing cash and capital, innovative technology, and governance sources that might the directly invested country does not have and with the help of three important resource the country’s economy’s expanding rate can be increased. That type of source transport can contribute to the stimulating the fiscal expanding of the landlord economy. There are three elements in Resource – Transfer Effect, which are Capital, Technology and Management. 2.1.1) Capital When we get to talk about the capital, multinational enterprises (MNEs) spend money and make investment for long term basis, get into jeopardy and use their corporate identities only when the projects makes money well. After the free capital transfer across nations regulations, capital-holders are very likely to seek highest rate of return. It causes that the countries which are in need of capital, try to attract MNEs to invest. A lot of MNEs , with the help of their big size and financial strength, get accesibility to fiscal instruments and opportunities which may not be ready to use to company’s of landlord nation. These funds are likely to be ready to use for MNEs. That situation is caused by the multi national enterprises’ popularity, huge MNEs more easily access to money from capital markets than host country firms would. That situation helps MNEs to invest their money to host country and get higher return rate with the help of the MNEs, the host country gets the i nvestment. For example, after the seeing that definition we may think, as an example to capital transfer, the efforts of Turkish government to find a partner for their tele communication company of Turk Telekom. That partnership was thought as an opportunity to grow for that company mentioned. One professor suggests three general advantages of FDI on capital, these are ; 1)company presidents have less risk with the help of free flow of capital around the world. With the different financial instruments, president can distribute the risk. 2) If the money and capital markets become worldwide, that situation increase the quality of capital and money governance and management, gathers more modern regulations. 3) With the integration to international system of capital flowing, country’s governments must have some limit to make bad policies. 2.1.2) Technology If a company wants to grow, must be able to use and follow technology very well. That sentence is generally approved by the authorities. Technology can create a movement and mobility in the economy which may be able to facilitate economic improvement and industrialization. There are two different ways of effect of technology to take place in landlord country. Both of the are very valuable and can not be ignored. Technology may take place in a process of production or it can take place in final product (for example., smart phones we use). Although, there are too many nations which do not have enough technology and innovation, they also have to have their own research and improvement for their economic growth. Last sentences is also specifically accurate for less improved nations. It is evident that the having appropriate technology has a great amount of corelation with being improved country or not. If a country has enough technology, they can directly evacuate their technology to different country and make great money. Because technology is an expensive resource. Technologies which are taken from improved countries are more willing to bring modernism and liberalism to the landlord country. 2.1.3) Management Foreign expertise for management which are gained by FDI is very helpful for the landlord country. The mentioned benefits take place with different ways. First, the investing MNE can train the host country’s citizen to expertise on their respectively occupation. This way is thought to be cheaper. Secondly, the investing MNE can bring their own employees from their company’s nation and with making this, the invested company’s brunch may has already trained employees to manage the business in landlord company. These benefits sometimes get less if the mentioned benefits are unique for the investing MNE’s company. That problem cause ineffectivity in managemenet and governance of the landlord’s branch of the company. With creating suitable management team is accepted to increase the efficiency of the company and also the landlord country’s nation’s management traditions. For this concept, one of experienced professor offers three benefits in managerial way. Such as more accurate training and high level of regulations can help to increase effectiveness of managemenet, being skillful on investment possibilities can be increased by entrepreneurial soul, the employees who get training, takes arising externalities. 2.2) Employment Effects Employment is effected by foreign direct investment (FDI) directly and also indirectly. Facilitating of employment is most important effect of FDI in the countries with high working power but having less capital to invest. This kind of impact takes place when the MNE hires a lot of host country’s citizen. This is the direct effect of employment. The indirect effect of employment is creating jobs in domestic resource provider as a outcome of FDI of the MNE and increased local spending. Some argue that that not all the newly created employments established by FDI shows net additions in employment. For example; If we think about FDI by German chemical company in the Greece. , some argue that the employment established by this FDI have been less than break even with creating employment lost in chemical companies from Greece, which have started to lose market share to foreigner chemical investor. As a result of this kind of substition effects the real number of the employment which is created by FDI of the German chemical company may be less than it is expected. That employment effect helps and creates leverage for the investing MNEs when the MNE and the landlord country’s government negotiate about a conflict. Create employment is always important task for a government. 2.3) Balance of Payments Effects Balance of Payment is a country’s balance-of-payment is the difference between the payments to and receipts from other countries. FDI can have beneficial and negative effects on a country’s balance of payment. FDI s effect on a country’s balance of payment accounts is an significant regulation topic for most landlord policy makers. There are three possible balance of payments outcome of FDI. Initial Capital Inflow If a MNE invest directly on a country, that multi national enterprise gathers their own money to spend and invest. Substitute for Imports If a MNE produce goods in a country and If these goods were imported earlier, this kind of situation will look good on balance of payments. Inflow of payments from export of goods and services If a MNE produce goods in a country and If these goods are exported, this kind of situation creates good values on balance of payments. 3) Costs of the Foreign Direct Investment Three costs of FDI concern host countries. They arise from possible adverse effects on competition within the host nation, adverse effects on the balance of payments, and the perceived loss of national sovereignty and autonomy. 3.1) Adverse Effect on Competition This aspect basically be summarized with saying;the MNEs which directly invests to another county.may have â€Å"too much† power and kill off competition. Even though the landlord country’s government seems to be satisfied with the positive effects of the FDI, sometimes they start to have some concerns with the gaining or being too much strength of foreign investor can cause deadly effect on the competition. Eventually, the foreigner investor or the MNE can become the monopol in sectors of landlord country’s economy. This kind of concerns take place in countries which have small amount of big companies operate locally. 3.2) Adverse Effect on Balance of Payments This aspect can be summarized with saying; when a foreign subsidiary imports a substantial number of its inputs from abroad, there is a debit on the current account of the host country’s balance of payments. The landlord country’s company’s balance of payment possibly effected adversely with two concepts showed below. The money and capital generated by the FDI will not be staying in the landlord country’s account forever. Eventually the MNE which invested on landlord country, will take their money and takes their home nation. If a foreign group member country imports great amount of production from abroad, the figures will take place on landlord country’s debit account in balance of payments accounts. 3.3) Does the FDI cause loses in national independence? National sovereignty problems are caused by the having too much power for a foreign multi national enterprise. Some argue that a foreign multi national enterprise with great amount of economic and governmental power would be too active on the landlord nation’s internal businesses. Some take this idea forward with saying that If a county lets a multi national enterprise to have too much power and also be monopol in an sector, that company can be depend on the MNE’s country mediately. For example, If a country’s monopol natural gas provider were foreign, in an conflict situation between MNE’s country and landlord company, that MNE can cut the natural gas out. Conclusion : Critical Discuss on Benefits and Costs of FDI on Emerging Markets With the light of these all information, all we all understand that foreign direct investment can be tricky for different countries. Effects of the FDI for different countries may be different as well. As we’ve seen that even though there are significant benefits in foreign direct investments, FDI also have some costs for the countries. In this conclusion section, we are going to discuss these tricky things for the emerging markets briefly. In order to FDI be beneficial for a country, the country must have a enough working power to facilitate necessary working power, must have suitable regulations which provide good environment for capital to flow freely, countries should have a condition that the MNEs’ power on the economy does not threaten the countries’ national sovereignty, and the countrÄ ±es have to suitable balance of payments values because FDIs may have big amount of influence on these values. That influence may be beneficial but it may also be costly. Some of the emerging markets countries such as Turkey and South Africa are in need of capital badly. FDI provide some of these necessities but the problems of that transactions are according to economy’s situation the money flow can be costly more and other disadvantage of that is these FDI are not in the country to stay. The MNEs which provide FDI can decide to leave the country and take back their invested capital from the country. That kind of situation may create a huge problem for country. As we all see that, a country should not depend to FDI too much. Before demanding the FDI from the MNEs, countries must make their research very solid. As we’ve seen that too much FDI can cause some problems. The graph below shows the FDI distribution to emerging market countries (EMC); References www.oecd.org – global foreign investment trends, country investment guides, investment reviews, analysis www.columbia.edu/cu/libraries/indiv/business/guides/fordinv.html – a wide range of links to statistical information on global foreign direct investment. OECD (2010), Measuring Globalisation: OECD Economic Globalisation Indicators, OECD Publishing. â€Å"The Effects of Foreign Direct Investments for Host Country s Economy† Selma Kurtishi Kastrati (2013) Hill, C. (2000) International Business Competing in the Global Marketplace. University of Washington: Irwin McGraw-Hill. Feldstein, M. (2000) Aspects of Global Economic Integration: Outlook for the Future. National Bureau of Economic Research.Cambridge, Massachusetts: NBER Working Paper No.7899 Romer, P. (1994) The Origins of Endogenous Growth. Journal of Economic Perspectives , 8(1),3 22. Lall, S., Streeten, P. (1977) Foreign Investment, Transnationals and Developing Countries. London: Macmillan. Aaron, C. (1999): The contribution of FDI to poverty alleviation. Singapore: Ther Foreign Investment Advisory Service. Dunning, J. (1961) The Present Role of US Investment in British Industry. Moorgate and Wall Street 1990-2002, Balance of Payments Statistical Yearbook, IMF

Down Syndrome :: chromosome disorders mental retardation

Down Syndrome People with Down syndrome are first and foremost human beings who have recognizable physical characteristics due to the presence of an extra chromosome 21. The estimated incidence of Down syndrome is between 1 in 1,000 to 1 in 1,100 live births. Each year approximately 3,000 to 5,000 children are born with this chromosome disorder. It is believed there are about 250,000 families in the United States who are affected by Down syndrome. Children with Down syndrome are usually smaller, and their physical and mental developments are slower, than youngsters who do not have Down syndrome. The majority of children with Down syndrome function in the mild to moderate range of mental retardation. However, some children are not mentally retarded at all; they may function in the borderline to low average range; others may be severely mentally retarded. There is a wide variation in mental abilities and developmental progress in children with Down syndrome. Also, their motor development is slow; and instead of walking by 12 to 14 months as other children do, children with Down syndrome usually learn to walk between 15 to 36 months. Language development is also markedly delayed. It is important to note that a caring and enriching home environment, early intervention, and integrated education efforts will have a positive influence on the child's development. Although individuals with Down syndrome have distinct physical characteristics, generally they are more similar to the average person in the community than they are different. The physical features are important to the physician in making the clinical diagnosis, but no emphasis should be put on those characteristics otherwise. Not every child with Down syndrome has all the characteristics; some may only have a few, and others may show most of the signs of Down syndrome. Some of the physical features in children with Down syndrome include flattening of the back of the head, slanting of the eyelids, small skin folds at the inner corner of the eyes, depressed nasal bridge, slightly smaller ears, small mouth, decreased muscle tone, loose ligaments, and small hands and feet. About fifty percent of all children have a gap between the first and second toes. The physical features observed in children with Down syndrome usually do not cause any disability in the child. Although many theories have been developed, it is not known what actually causes Down syndrome. It has been known for some time that the risk of having

What the Women Want Essay -- Health Policy, Aboriginal Women

What the women want Research done by Browne & Fiske (2001) describes aboriginal women’s’ positive experiences with the health care system and interactions. For example, one woman stated that being able to be involved in her care and sharing information and knowledge led her to develop a rapport with her physician. She was given the time to ask questions and felt welcome. Caring gestures towards the patients also made the women feel as though they were important. Presencing themselves after shifts were over were described as going above and beyond by the women and they were appreciative while going through something emotionally distressing. The women also felt validated when their cultural healing practices were welcomed and discussed in conjunction with western medicine. Forming long term positive relationships with health care providers enhanced the women’s well being and overall health care experience. All of these testimonies of experiences narrowed the social gap between health care provider and patient. This enabled a healthy relationship in which trust and respect were mutually exchanged. Native Liaison Workers In a report done by Browne and Fiske (2008) entitled Paradoxes and Contradictions in Health Policy reform, women who participated in a study expressed the desire to have access to Native Liaison workers. More hospitals would benefit from adopting professional roles such as the Native Liaison worker. Native Liaison workers work to interpret, advocate and bridge the gaps between health care professionals and aboriginal patients. This role has been quite significant in maintaining cultural sensitivity amongst the power imbalances that may take place within health care settings. The Native Liaison workers help both th... ...post colonial concerns into praxis, pushing beyond culturalist approaches to policy† (Browne & Smye, 2002). According to Richardson, Williams, Finlay & Farell (2009) there are three concepts that can be used to incorporate cultural safety into their practice and these are: self recognition, situational assessment, and a solution focus. Nurses need to self reflect and identify their own cultural position and identify biases that may affect their daily practice. By undergoing this process, nurses can then identify what constitutes cultural risk. Next, by assessing each situation, potential outcomes can be foreseen that may or may not be culturally safe practice. Nurses who are solution focused can serve as role models for patients, colleagues and the community at large. Communication, reflection and leadership skills are essentials of culturally safe practice.

Attribution Theory Essay

No creature in this planet can exercise the faculty of reason as much as we human persons do. As rational beings, we normally engage in an array of activities which require critical thinking or thoughtful consideration. At least for those who are fortunate to be gifted with normal bodily functions, it is axiomatic to suppose that we human persons are expected to put reason to everything that we do. For instance, we do not wake up at two in the morning and prepare to go to school simply for no reason whatsoever. In a manner of speaking, the faculty of human reason allows us to do things on account of some reasonable purposes. The way we make sense or put reason to almost everything that surrounds us makes us, more than anything else, human persons by right of logic and supposition.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Reading through the article â€Å"The Attribution Theory†, I am able to even more affirm the fundamental tendency of human reason to seek for explanation of things. Therein I was able to learn that the theory of Attribution draws from the basic supposition that human reason so naturally tends to seek for explanation to things. This, in many ways, is intricately knitted to the logic underneath the principle of causality, which basically assumes that our minds try hard to grapple for sufficient explanations to help us make sense of everything that happens. The theory of Attribution is no less different in that, like the principle of causality, it too tries to seek for an adequate explanation of things. All things considered, it can enable us to peek into the seemingly insatiable desire of human persons to seek explanation for things.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Secondly, the article also made me realize how potent, nay, powerful human reason can become. In the article, it cites a number of studies that were done so as demonstrate the efficacy of the theory. The mainline thesis is to show that the theory of Attribution, especially when it is internally reinforced, can produce behavioral changes to a person or groups of persons. The article even notes that when people tend to attribute certain events as directly stemming from their personal involvement, it produces significant behavioral changes. When for instance, a person is repeatedly introduced to the idea, say, that his or her high grades are attributable to the painstaking but admirable effort he pours into his studies, it creates a personal belief system that appear to cater to such reinforcements. This means that a person who is able to embrace a belief that his or her efforts serve him or her well in the process will normally become motivated to study on his or her own. This displays, more than anything else, the power of human reason to translate personal belief systems into tangible behavioral patterns.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   But reading through the article also made me feel a bit cautious as well. If through the theory of Attribution we can make people â€Å"create new attitudes or beliefs or behaviors depending upon the explanation they make†, then it behooves us to proceed with much care in reinforcing beliefs on them (The Attribution Theory). Surely, we cannot allow people to think negatively about themselves, especially on issues which may involve anger, grief, guilt, among others. As indeed, we cannot let people believe that some tragic moments in life, which can happen beyond our control, are internally attributable to their doings just the same. If we truly want to create an empowered individual by applying the theory of Attribution, then it is only justified that we ought to inculcate positive reinforcements on to everyone so as to create positive avenues for behavioral changes. Along the same vein, we must always help protect people from creating a monster out of internal belief-systems, which, on the final analysis, can eventually, nay only translate to ill-natured and unfortunate behaviors. Work Cited â€Å"The Theory of Attribution†, SBB: 1996. Retrieved 10 September 2008,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     

The traditional material known as aluminum

The traditional material known as aluminum is often too soft to meet the requirements of certain applications, especially when considering aeronautic applications. These structural demanding applications thereby require the making of aluminum alloys which are structurally tough materials. Aluminum alloys are made to increase mechanical strength, increase corrosion resistance of the material, and thus increase overall shock survivability of the material (Subodh, K. D. , 2007).Here, we are concerned with Aluminum alloys 2024 and 7075 which are particularly used in aircraft structures, and aerospace applications. The review presents the similarities and differences of each material with regards to their chemistry, processing, and heat treatment measures. Aluminum 2024 The aluminum 2024 was first introduced in 1931, and was available as an alclad sheet and plate forms. Due to its high corrosion resistance, the material is often used in areas of an aircraft where fatigue resistance and st rength are required. Those areas include fuselage, wings, shear webs, and ribs of an aircraft.As an alloy, aluminum 2024 is made up of several materials among which are aluminum, chromium, copper, iron, magnesium, manganese, zinc, and silicon. Such a composition gives the ending material adequate mechanical and thermal properties demanded for aircraft structural components. However, the material is also used for truck wheels, screw machine products, scientific instruments, and orthopedic equipment. Overall, the aluminum 2024 material may be used in any application where there is a need for high strength to weight ration materials, and/or structures.

Medical Profession Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Medical Profession - Personal Statement Example Currently, I am working with multi-disciplinary healthcare teams. This job enables me to experience the many facets of nursing care in nine different wards, including Accident & Emergency, Stroke, Respiratory and Cardiac Units. My duties revolve around holistic nursing care system which requires and allows me to: Furthermore, I am well-versed in using MS Word, Excel, and PowerPoint. Being a computer literate, I can file and sort patients' medical records systematically. As a professional, I am deeply aware that all information is to be regarded as strictly confidential, whether it appears important or otherwise. My excellent report writing skills and experience in presenting information to others can also be tapped by your office. During my free time, I attend training programs, symposia and seminars to improve my ability to: All of these valuable tools, I believe, are instrumental in making me an effective and valuable member of any medical team and I am confident that I will continue to learn and develop my skills as a health service provider, particularly as I provide care to a diverse patient population. With the above-mentioned training and experience not to mention my innate leadership skills, I am confident that I can be a valuable member of the National Health Service. I can adjust to new environment and would be happy to work hand in hand with the best minds in the medical profession. As such, I do not see any obstacle in carrying out my duties and responsibilities that include settings priorities and scheduling work as well as attending to the care, welfare and daily routines of client groups including adults with learning disabilities in a variety of residential settings. These tasks are very similar to the hospital environment which I am familiar with especially that I had a prior experience similar to this field at Queen Mary's Hospital where I assisted on the Reeves Ward and cared for predominantly elderly people with dementia and respiratory

Manageing Homeland Security Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Manageing Homeland Security - Essay Example terrorism provokes deep fear and insecurity -- more than other forms of violence. Terrorists strike innocent civilians, often randomly, and without warning. We think we can protect ourselves against other forms of violence, but we feel defenseless against terrorists. ..Terrorists know this, and they seek to use intimidation to impose their political or other agendas. Killing is only a means to that end. By creating fear and panic, terrorists try to extort concessions or to weaken and discredit governments by showing they are unable to protect their citizens. Thus, emergency management is the coordination of a city-wide cooperative involvement to ensure the entire safety of that community. Such events that could arise that this committee would be called upon would be natural disasters such as floods, earthquakes, hurricanes, etc. and other disasters such as terrorism as has been mentioned prior. As the Emergency As the Emergency Management Coordinator it is my job to activate the necessary mobile force that would generate the appropriate level of action for when these events occur. As such I am in charge of decided a plan of action such as emergency evacuations of houses for when a natural disaster has been proclaimed through the national weather service. I would have to use the aid of the committee and local police force to aid in making sure the entire community is safe and re-located in enough time to prevent injury or death. As the Emergency Management Coordinator it is necessary to wake the entire community aware of evacuation procedures, where to go, where to relocate, and how to get in touch with family members who may have become separated from each other. A post will be set up in the evacuation area, which will usually be in a large arena in the next city in case of a flood, or hurricane and there will be several posts in town where people can go in case of a tornado or earthquake to receive temporary shelter, food, and to locate their family. There is a lot involved in being an Emergency Management Coordinator, but with the cooperation of the community, presenting the facts of where to go when an emergency occurs, the movement of an entire city prior to such a catastrophe should not be too difficult. The temporary shelters will be in locations such as area YMCAs, malls, high schools, and other large buildings that will be commandeered during this time. Food will be provided through such agencies as Red Cross and other donations until such a time as rebuilding and moving back into the area will occur. As the Emergency Management Coordinator it is my job to act as swiftly as possible to ensure the safety of the lives in this community and I will do this job with the utmost of my ability. Question Two For the modern thinkers, the most rational reason behind war is "patriotism".1 Thus, in order to coincide the active and willing participation of the hospitals, the police, and the fire department a mutual understanding of their pulled

Outline the important features of utilitarianism and explain and asses Essay

Outline the important features of utilitarianism and explain and asses one criticism of the theory. Do you think utilitarianism - Essay Example In addition, I will justify that in essence communism is utilitarianism. Finding therefore at least one problematic issue with communism, as a socio-economic means of organizing society will then lead us to discover at least a significant drawback against utilitarianism. I will build up my case by introducing important features of utilitarianism, the association between communism and utilitarianism and the actual state of communism in Cuba. Important features of utilitarianism Based on the readings, I was able to sort some important attractive features of utilitarianism. The following are some of its considerable characteristics. One promising mark of utilitarianism is its emphasis placed on the welfare of each person. It strongly adheres to a moral act of doing the right thing that could substantially address individual welfare. It places no other significant value to anything other than this by trying to recognize individuals could feel pain and pleasure. Maximizing this pleasure i s the good thing to do, and alleviating or eliminating pain is of the same paramount importance. This substantially fits into the general point of utilitarian theory to maximize happiness. The utilitarian principle also emphasizes the idea that it is a good thing to do if individuals could maximize their ability for making the best they can for the world. This means everyone has the opportunity to use maximum ability to make the world a better place to live in. This is pretty attractive as humans certainly do want to live in a world where there is no conflict, but everything around is for the best of sustaining their interests and preserving their lives. Thus, this would promote maximum happiness for everyone. By trying to maximize happiness for the greatest number of people, utilitarianism tries to promote the idea that impartiality is the right thing to do. Utilitarianism seeks not to focus on minimum needs, but rather the common good of the greatest number of people for maximum p leasures. It always looks forward to the welfare of the majority so it tries to promote impartiality in all circumstances or situations so as to be consistent with its goal to maximize happiness. For instance, advancing the lower classes as integral components of the majority in the case of communism is for the common good and it seeks to essentially maximize happiness. Thus, this makes communism as the philosophy of utilitarianism in a way that its existence can be viewed as a socio-economic means of organizing society, for the common good, and would therefore maximize happiness. Finally, another important feature of utilitarianism is its ability to address moral dilemmas. Some would try to emphasize that what is right could be subjective at some point. Everybody could claim their basic rights. It is here were conflicts and even moral dilemmas would arise. Utilitarian theory tries not to make this as a problem by being consistent with the idea that if the majority is happy then a c ertain action is good, but if a certain move does not create maximum pleasure for most of the people then it is not the right thing. So there is no moral dilemma considered in the utilitarian principle making it less problematic in understanding morality. It does not further ask what right does the majority has over the minority for as long as the majority is h

Corporate Governance and Social Responsibility Essay

Corporate Governance and Social Responsibility - Essay Example Then, a discussion of the controversies that affected Nike will follow in the context of corporate governance and CSR. The preceding section will list the corporate governance and CSR practices within the organization including the impact of such measures for Nike today. 2.0 Company Overview Nike is the leading sports footwear and apparel manufacturer throughout the world. It has more than 30 years of experience in developing high performance and innovative shoes. In recent market reports, Nike holds at least 30 percent market share, a comfortable lead from its closest rival, the German brand Adidas. (Van Riper 2008) Nike as a brand is the strongest among its competitors. This has been achieved through years of careful brand promotions that have exposed Nike to the widest possible population and earned it as one of the American icons next to Coca-cola, IBM, Microsoft, Walt Disney, among others. Nike in its overall organizational strategy – from product development to sales and promotions – is unique in comparison with all the rest of the major players in the footwear and related industries. If one examines its strategy, the company focuses much on brand-building recruiting the best athletes in every sport to endorse its brands and reinforce the image it has carefully cultivated throughout the years. Nike’s history, however, is not written with success stories exclusively. The fact is that it is punctuated with several controversies involving unethical practices. The following cases are some examples: Nike was widely criticized back in the 1990s after a series of news reports aired in CBS recounted the unfair conditions and practices of the company’s manufacturing facilities in Vietnam and Indonesia. The report cited the payment of below minimum wage to its employees; charges of employee physical abuse; and, the forced running of laps by employees who wore nonregulation shoes. (Jackson, Sawyer and Jenkins, p. 17) The child labor contr oversy in Pakistan and other third world countries. Nike was sued for false advertising in a California court after Marc Kasky accused the company of issuing false and misleading statements, prompting a protracted and yet unresolved debate about whether Nike’s campaign of press releases, advertisements, and other promotional measures to defend its business practices constitute free speech or commercial information. (L’Etang & Peiczka, p. 56) The manner by which Nike sought to quell these controversies underscored how they value their reputation and how unethical practices could severely impact their market performance. Crucial to the measures taken by the organization to deal with the above crises was the adoption of corporate social responsibility practices. Writing about this development in 2001 for The Independent, Steve Boggan (2001) reported, â€Å"Nike attempted to present itself to its shareholders in its first "corporate responsibility report" as a touchy-feel y entity established by "skinny runners" and employing young executives who worried about the environment and the level of wages it paid.† 3.0 Corporate social responsibility The old adage stating that the only business of business organizations is business is thought to be outdated and no longer applicable today. In the current global scenario, explained Fernando (2009), competition is more cutthroat, requiring corporations â€Å"to pause and ponder upon the impact of their business on the global community in general and their key stakeholders in particular†

Andy Warhol's Life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Andy Warhol's Life - Essay Example The essay "Andy Warhol's Life" focuses on the life of the important figure in the pop art, Andy Warhol. He was growing up during the Great Depression in the metropolitan environs of a smoky industrialized city and at a very early age he showed a magnificent talent for sketching the city’s sceneries. Due to an infection when he was 6 he was confined to bed; Andy’s mother and brothers would keep him company for hours while he drew, traced and printed. After this, he grew up loving art, which is said to be the only hobby he had in his childhood. When he turned about nine years old, his father bought him his first camera. Andy took pleasure in taking pictures, so much so that he even developed them on his own in his basement. His father died in 1942, the very same year that he got into Schenley High School. Andy would go on to become the first in his family to go past high school. He nearly failed during first year, but a compassionate professor gave him with one more chanc e by making him to sign up for a summer class. During this summer, he helped his eldest brother, Paul, sell fruit and vegetables from a van. Andy used every opportunity that arose to do quick on-the-spot portraits of the consumers. The drawings not only helped get him readmitted but also they made him get a small scholarship until when he graduated at the tender age of sixteen in 1945, he had become position 5. His father was a bright man who had recognized his son’s talent and had saved enough money for his college education. Andy went to Carnegie Institute of Technology from 1945 to 1949 where he attained a degree in Bachelor of Fine Arts majoring in Pictorial Design. He had a goal of becoming a business illustrator. When he wasn’t in class, he was working in the exhibition section at Horne’s department store creating window displays. It was while he worked there that he was initiated into the world of fashion, which would be the primary influence of his inter est in becoming an commercial illustrator. Carnegie institute fostered his enthusiastic sense of drawing, designing and honed his ability to create visually. Almost immediately after graduating, Andy moved to the city of New York to start his profession as a commercial artist. His work made it to Glamour magazine in September of 1949 and after this Andy became one of the most flourishing illustrators of the next decade. These fetes enabled him become rich and win many awards. He had an exceptional, capricious style of sketching that contradicted its everyday sources: traced pictures and imagery. At times Andy engaged the delightfully unusual calligraphy of his mother, who was always recognized in his credits as -Andy Warhol’s Mother-. She had left Pittsburgh sometime in 1952 to live with her son she stayed there for almost twenty years before dying in Pittsburgh in 1972. Andy pleased himself for his work by going on an around-the-world holiday with his buddy Charles from June to August of 1956. They visited Hawaii many countries in Asia, Africa and Europe. Serendipity 3, a stylish eatery and ice cream shop in Manhattan is East Side, was one place where Andy sometimes displayed his work. He frequently held social gatherings there where his friends could spoil themselves and their wives on the restaurant’s signature beverage called â€Å"frozen hot chocolate† and all this time helping Andy hand-paint his self-published artists’ books. In April 1961 Andy had his first chance to show his latest art. He

Psychological perspectives Essay Example for Free

Psychological perspectives Essay The brain is a super computer with a complicated network of neurones subserving many of the activities of our daily life. Many of us are unaware of the various interconnected processes that work in unison to let us lead a simple uncomplicated life. Only when someone is ill or not normal do we feel the messing up of a great system. Cognitive function is the intellectual process by which a person becomes aware of, perceives or comprehends ideas. Recognition, conception, sensing, thinking, reasoning, remembering and imagining all come under cognitive functions ( Parayannis, 2000) Behaviour, being emotional or angry are other features of cognitive functions of the brain. They are all related to specific centers or regions of the brain. Injury in the form of trauma or illnesses leads to various cognitive impairments. Summarizing I would deign to declare that each of us is what our brains would want us to be. The combinations and permutations of the neurones decide our personality, skills, talents, feelings, behavior and responses. However we are aware of the fact only in the case of damage to one or more areas of the brain. The theme I shall discuss in my paper is â€Å" Psychological perspectives†. I have selected four chapters from this course which I believe should carry the message of the enigma that is the brain and the emotions that are attached for a social set up. They are Memory System (Chapter 8), Cerebral Cortex and the Lobes of the brain( Chapter 2), Aggression and Prosocial Behaviour (Chapter 16 ) and Social Development (Chapter 3). Memory Memory is of three kinds: sensory, short-term and long-term. Sensory memory depends on auditory, visual and visuo spatial functions . Both cerebral hemispheres are involved in analyzing sensory data, performing memory functions, learning new information, forming thoughts and making decisions (Parayannis, 2000). The left takes care of the sequential analysis. New information is systematically and logically interpreted. Symbolic information like language, mathematics, abstraction and memory is also dealt with. Memory is stored in a language format. The right hemisphere deals with the interpretation of multiple sensory inputs and here memory is stored as auditory, visual and spatial functions. One’s environment is understood. The interpretation of dancing and gymnastics are possible through the right hemisphere functions. Short term memory holds small amounts of information. Selective attention is involved. Everything that we see or hear is not stored. Short term memory is sensitive to interruption or interference. combined with other mental processes, short term memory forms an area of working memory which we use to do our thinking with. This behaves like a scratchpad. When we tackle arithmetic, do a puzzle, prepare a meal or read something, we are using our working memory. Information that has to be stored for long is possible due to long term memory which is also a function of the brain. The area which holds infinite amounts of information can never run out of ‘space’. A person’s educational caliber is supported by this long term memory which is encoded in terms of meaning and importance. Our daily activities are enabled by dual memory comprising of short term and long term memory. When we have an information which we used (short-term) but is not required for the time being, we store it in our long term memory and retrieve it when necessary. Memory loss, a feature of cognitive impairment, is the delay or failure to recall recent or distant events. Amnesia is an extreme form of memory loss when caused by a more severe injury to the brain, probably in a road accident, bomb explosion or shooting incident. Involvement due to injury or aging can produce loss of memory of varying levels. Loss can be a mild dysfunction (MCI ) or severe and named as dementia. Old people of 55-80 years of age could have cognitive impairment without having any illness. Memory loss is seen in degenerative disorders or dementias like Alzheimer’s, traumatic brain injuries, following ECT or in Korsakoff’s psychosis. Damage to the limbic system causes a loss of recent memory. This is seen in Korsakoff’s Disease. Recent events are forgotten due to a direct effect of alcohol or due to the associated nutritional deficiencies. . The ability to store and retrieve from short term memory is affected in natural aging too. The foremost problem is the loss of recent memory in Alzheimer’s Disease. The care-taker needs to be extremely patient as all her time would be spent for looking after the patient ( Ballenger, 2006). Traumatic Amnesia usually occurs as a transient phenomenon following a head injury. ECT induced amnesia follows episodes of ECT in a psychiatric illness. The amnesia is transient and may last a year. Patients with implicit memory (not dependent on the part of the brain) remember to do some things (Dorf et al, 1994). Extensive damage to the left cerebral cortex can affect long term memory. Damage to the right cerebral cortex produces a disturbance in the visual and auditory perceptions and visuo-spatial deficit. Memories of seen articles or heard songs or even regularly visited places would not be remembered. The Cerebral Cortex and the Lobes of the Brain The brain is composed of the cerebrum, cerebellum and the brain stem. The cerebrum forms the greatest part and is divided into lobes named by the overlying bone (April, 1990). The left and right cerebral hemispheres consist of the cerebral cortex, white matter and basal ganglia. The cerebral cortex is the outermost layer of the brain composed of grey matter. It has 1015 individual neurons connected in specific patterns. The white matter holds the tracts which connect the neurons. The surface is folded into gyri separated by sulci or grooves. Each half of the cerebral hemispheres has the frontal lobe, temporal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, the limbic lobe and the central lobe. Motor and sensory cortex are found. Sensory cortex is again sub-divided into primary, secondary and association cortices. Primary is where the stimulus reaches first. Secondary is the area which is connected to the primary and helps in the processing. Association cortices have a 2 stimuli input. There are 3 identified associative cortices. They are the basis of thought and perception with practically no influence on behavior. They are the parieto-temporal-occipital cortex, pre-frontal area and the limbic association area. The first receives somatosensory, auditory and visual projections. These associative areas integrate the information from the sensory modalities for language. Injury affecting this area causes a faulty language. The prefrontal area if affected produces problems in several cognitive behaviours. Difficulty arises in control of motor planning. The ability to concentrate and attend, elaboration of thought, personality and emotional traits are determined here. The frontal lobe subserves cognition and memory. Broadman’s area in the left frontal lobe is involved with voluntary motor activities( April,1990). Damage to this area causes contralateral hemiplegia associated with a motor aphasia (involvement of the prefrontal cortex or Broca’s area). The parietal lobe processes sensory inputs and discrimination, body orientation and ability to write. Damage would produce an inability to recognize parts of the body, space and an inability to write. The occipital lobe is involved with primary visual function and visual interpretation. Damage would cause cortical blindness even when the eyes are perfectly normal. The temporal lobe which has the Wernicke’s area subserves the auditory function, expressed behaviour, receptive language and memory. Damage would result in hearing deficits, childish behaviour and receptive aphasia. Lateralisation is evident in the right and left handedness of people. However this is no indication of the dominance of any hemisphere. 95% of people have left hemisphere language function, 18. 8% have right hemisphere language function. 19. 8 % have bilateral language functions. Linear reasoning, speech and vocabulary are lateralised to the left hemisphere. Dyscalculia is caused by damage to the left temporo-parietal region. This leads to difficulty in doing mathematics. Some language functions like intonation and accentuation are with the right hemisphere. Musical and visual stimuli, spatial manipulation, facial perception and artistic ability are functions of the right too. Logical reasoning is with the left but intuitive reasoning is with the right. Cerebral asymmetry is the feature of the normal human brain. The left is the dominant hemisphere with language functions while the right is involved more with visuo-spatial functions. An acquired language deficit accompanying right-sided stroke (left hemisphere involvement) is the best indication that the left hemisphere is dominant for language. The right hemisphere stroke does not involve speech problems. The corpus callosum connects the 2 hemispheres and coordinates the functions of both. Any injury to this area causes ‘Split brain’ where the coordination between the 2 hemispheres is lost. A ‘split brain’ patient does not speak of emotions or feelings. The right hemisphere and the left behave independently. The patient appears to have 2 minds. It was revealed in studies by Robert Sperry, a psychobiologist, who conducted studies in patients in whom commissurectomy (severing the corpus callosum from each hemisphere ) was done as a treatment for intractable epilepsy. He found that the two halves of the brain had specific functions and each side acted independently, whereas in the normal brain, the two halves act in coordination. This is the theory of hemispheric independence (Zaire et al, 1990) After the operation, the right half showed predominance when it came to spatial tasks like arrangement of blocks. The limbic area is the area of the brain that affects the emotions, rage, fear and sex. Integration of recent memory and biological rhythms are decided here. If this area is affected, an angry but frightened personality without emotional control would be the result. Recent memory would be lost. Aggression and Prosocial Behavior Prosocial Behaviour is helpful behavior intended to help another. It is different from altruism in that it is not voluntary helping behaviour that is costly to the giver (Psychology:An International Perspective, 2004). Another definition states that this refers to the â€Å"voluntary actions intended to help another† ( Eisenberg and Mussen, 1989). Prosocial behaviour refers to the consequences of a doer’s actions rather than the motivations behind them. They include sharing, comforting, rescuing and helping, understanding the needs of the recipient (Knickerbocker, Learning to give). Traditional theories of helping include sociobiology, social learning , empathy and arousal. Physical aggression is a major health problem. Childhood aggression is a precursor to physical and mental health problems that occur in later life. Aggressive children are also liable to higher risk of substance abuse , alcoholism, accidents, violent crimes, depression, suicide attempts, spouse abuse, neglectful and abusive parenting (Tremblay et al, 2004) It is unusual for the aggressive students to really harm their targets. However in studies of physical aggression in infancy, it was shown that by 17 months, a large majority of children are already aggressive towards their siblings, parents and peers (Tremblay et al, 2004). A study by Tremblay et al attempted to identify the trajectories of physical aggressions during early childhood and also o identify antecedents of high levels of physical aggression early in life. 572 families with a 5- month old baby were selected and followed up till 42 months. 3 trajectories were identified. The first group of 28% had children who displayed little or no aggression. 58% showed a rising trajectory of modest aggression. 14 % showed a high level of physical aggression (Tremblay et al, 2004). Best predictors before the birth of the child were, having other siblings, confidence interveal, mothers with early( before end of high school ) and high antisocial behaviour , young mothers, families with low income and mothers who smoked. The conclusion indicated was that physical aggression started in early infancy. All the predictors before birth were reasons for the child not learning how to preventive interventions. In order to change or reduce the long term impacts preventive intervention programmes must be chalked out effectively (Tremblay et al, 2004) In a model identifying 5 factors that prompt voluntarism (Clary and Snyder, 1990), they found that a combination of factors ultimately motivates volunteers. One factor is altruism but all the other four are self serving: motivation by socially adjustable conditions, ego defensive considerations, the desire to acquire knowledge or skills for personal or professional education and helping understanding the needs. Aggression is caused in 3 ways in a child: instinct, rewards and observation. Obviously these 3 factors rule the manner in which the aggression is to be overcome or prevented. Catharsis may be tried to vent the child’s anger in other ways. Rewarding non aggressive behaviour works. Cognitive training is also effective. Promoting prosocial behaviour should be tried. Rewarding good behaviour may not be so effective. A better way is to try modelling. The parent should ‘model’ good behaviour as the child always has a tendency to imitate its parents. The parent appeals to the childs pride and desire to be agrown-up (Aggressive and Prosocial Behaviour, Psychology campus. com). Social development Like all humans , babies are also social creatures. It was found from studies that babies recognise themselves at the age of 15 months. Prior to that, they would treat their mirror image as another like them and would even coax them to come out to play. At about 15 months of age, the baby starts showing interest in others and developing a social awareness. It starts showing the emotions of shame, guilt, embarassment and pride. These babies glance at the facial expressions of others to decide how to react just like adults. In one study babies placed at the side of a high cliff kept watching their mothers’ faces. If they were encouraging, the babies would cross. When the mothers exhibited fear, the babies did not move. This is identified as social referencing. It. demonstrated the emotional bond or attachment of the babies with their mothers or caregivers. For most infants emotional bonding appears around 8 to 12 months of age. Psychologist Mary Ainsworth (1913 -1999) spoke about 3 kinds of attachments. The securely attached infants would be upset by the mother’s absence. An insecure avoidant child is anxious about the mother’s absence but turns away when she returns. An insecure ambivalent child also has an emotional bond but has mixed feelings . It wants to be with the mother but is angry at her and does not want contact. Attachments do play a role in the life of the child and its future behaviour. The securely attached ones would be the most confident. Attachment failures could be damaging. The mother has a strong role in promoting attachment in an infant, hoping to improve its mental status and bringing up a resilient child. Attachments to fathers provides one more reason to have a closely knit family with well behaved children. When a seond child arrives, attachment security drops. Commercial child care centers if of good quality does provide additional security. Children tend to have better relationships with their mothers and lesser problems.